{"id":159639,"date":"2025-08-15T10:43:53","date_gmt":"2025-08-15T09:43:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/?post_type=herb&#038;p=159639"},"modified":"2025-08-15T10:46:24","modified_gmt":"2025-08-15T09:46:24","slug":"pinellia","status":"publish","type":"herb","link":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/herb\/pinellia\/","title":{"rendered":"Pinellia"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"featured_media":159740,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","beyondwords_generate_audio":"1","beyondwords_project_id":"47224","beyondwords_content_id":"e8356a0d-235d-4955-8cfa-e7a19bb59e52","beyondwords_preview_token":"0d8f3fc2-35d1-4375-8e7a-68a313c16240","beyondwords_player_content":"","beyondwords_player_style":"","beyondwords_language_code":"","beyondwords_language_id":"","beyondwords_title_voice_id":"","beyondwords_body_voice_id":"","beyondwords_summary_voice_id":"","beyondwords_error_message":"","beyondwords_disabled":"","beyondwords_delete_content":"","beyondwords_podcast_id":"","beyondwords_hash":"","publish_post_to_speechkit":"","speechkit_hash":"","speechkit_generate_audio":"","speechkit_project_id":"","speechkit_podcast_id":"","speechkit_error_message":"","speechkit_disabled":"","speechkit_access_key":"","speechkit_error":"","speechkit_info":"","speechkit_response":"","speechkit_retries":"","speechkit_status":"","speechkit_updated_at":"","_speechkit_link":"","_speechkit_text":""},"tags":[],"conditions":[685,696,695],"sustainability":[1576],"sense":[],"western_action":[1822,998,1010,1019],"chinese_action":[1042,1036,1043,1167,1040],"ayurvedic_action":[1074,1105,1079,1069],"energetics_action":[1510,1614,1546,1487,1534,1554,1523,1619,1497,1539,1618,1522,1529,1504,1380],"region":[1898],"class_list":["post-159639","herb","type-herb","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","conditions-digestive-system","conditions-nervous-system","conditions-respiratory-system","sustainability-green-sustainability-status","western_action-antiemetic","western_action-antitussive","western_action-expectorant","western_action-sedative","chinese_action-aromatically-transform-damp","chinese_action-drain-dampness","chinese_action-regulate-the-qi","chinese_action-treat-cough-stop-wheezing","chinese_action-warm-transform-phlegm-cold","ayurvedic_action-grahi","ayurvedic_action-swasahara","ayurvedic_action-kasahara","ayurvedic_action-chhardi-nigrahana","energetics_action-acrid","energetics_action-digestive","energetics_action-dry-quality","energetics_action-dry","energetics_action-heating","energetics_action-kapha-constitution-dosha","energetics_action-lung","energetics_action-nervous-channel-srotas","energetics_action-pungent","energetics_action-pungent-post-digestive-effect-vipaka","energetics_action-respiratory","energetics_action-spleen","energetics_action-stomach","energetics_action-warm-temperature-chinese","energetics_action-warm","region-traditional-chinese-herbs"],"acf":{"last_reviewed":"20250709","herb_author":1242,"banner_text":"Pinellia (ban xia) treats phlegm-damp cough, nausea and insomnia","latin_name":"<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia ternata<\/span><\/i>","pseudonym_name":"Ban xia","family_name":"Araceae","herb_summary":"Pinellia is a versatile herb used in Chinese medicine for treating phlegm and regulating fluids. Pinellia requires careful preparation to avoid toxic effects. Use under the guidance of a healthcare professional only.","key_benefits":"Alleviates cough and disperses phlegm\r\nCalms the stomach to stop nausea and vomiting\r\nReduces bloating and distention\r\nTreats nodules and swellings\r\nCalms the nervous system and aids sleep","how_does_it_feel":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia has a mild and fragrant aroma with spicy, woody notes due to the essential oil content. The taste is pungent with underlying bitter tones, upon tasting the astringent qualities come through in the mouth, felt as a drying effect.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia is an especially dispersing and drying herb, yet also slippery with a downward draining action (1). Pinellia\u2019s warming effect can be felt upon tasting, as the effect spreads downwards throughout the digestive tract.<\/span>","hdif_image_1":159744,"hdif_image_2":159743,"hdif_image_3":159742,"hdif_video":"","sense":[],"what_can_i_use_it_for":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia is primarily used for coughs with thin, watery sputum and a stifling sensation in the chest, or for epigastric and abdominal distention, nausea and vomiting (1). Its dispersing and warming properties can help dry fluids directly, and its slippery nature can help loosen stubborn phlegm and direct it downwards, where it can be eliminated through the urine or the stool.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other traditional indications for pinella include nodules, swellings and subjective sensations of distention anywhere in the body, which are perceived as phlegm accumulations. It can also treat insomnia with racing thoughts, which can be understood as a manifestation of phlegm that obstructs the process of the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">qi<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> turning inward at night (1).<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It can also be used topically on sores, skin ulcers, carbuncles and breast abscesses (2).<\/span>","into_the_heart_of":"[caption id=\"attachment_159743\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"478\"]<img class=\" wp-image-159743\" src=\"https:\/\/i.herbalreality.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/15095356\/Pinellia-plant-Pinellia-ternata-750x1000.jpg\" alt=\"Pinellia (Pinellia ternata)\" width=\"478\" height=\"637\" \/> Pinellia (<em>Pinellia ternata<\/em>)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The name <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ban xia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (\u534a\u590f pronounced \u201cban-shah\u201d) means \u201chalf summer\u201d referring to the time of year around the summer solstice when pinellia tubers can first be harvested (3). This is also the time of year when nature\u2019s <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">qi<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is moving downwards and inwards, just as the energetic actions of the herb are to direct <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">qi<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> downwards and inwards, countering the upwards and outwards movements of cough and vomiting. This action, along with its dispersing properties, has made pinellia one of the primary herbs for treating dampness and phlegm in Chinese medicine.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chinese term for phlegm (\u75f0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tan<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) is not a straightforward translation and can refer to much more than the sticky substance that is produced in the lungs during a respiratory infection. It is more closely related to the Ayurvedic concept of phlegm (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u015ble\u1e63man<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) as an imbalance or corruption of the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kapha dosha<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and waste product of digestion. It was most likely carried into China with Buddhist teachings where it influenced existing concepts of fluid pathology (5). Once imported into Chinese medicine, phlegm was understood as the result of a disruption in fluid metabolism that may accumulate anywhere in the body, cooking until it thickens into something viscous, or even solid, that obstructs normal function, resulting in an array of complex symptoms (6). Phlegm can:\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Block the channels resulting in joint pain, swelling and nodules, or cause numbness and paralysis in parts of the body.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Accumulate in the stomach leading to loss of appetite, vomiting, distension and epigastric pain.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Create both subjective and physical lumps in the throat.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gather in the intestines, where it may cause <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/condition\/constipation-and-digestive-detoxification\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">constipation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/condition\/constipation-and-digestive-detoxification\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">diarrhoea<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ascend to the head, obscuring the senses, resulting in dizziness and sensory disturbances.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Affect the Heart where it may cause palpitations and unsettle the Spirit leading to insomnia, psychological disorders, and in extreme cases even convulsions and loss of consciousness.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This makes pinellia a very important herb, not just for clearing visible phlegm in the chest, but also for treating almost any stubborn, complex presentation by helping to resolve phlegm directly, and the root cause of disrupted fluid metabolism that leads to phlegm.<\/span>","tradtional_uses":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia is renowned for its ability to dry dampness, transform phlegm and cause rebellious <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">qi<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to descend (1,2). In practical terms, this means that it excels in treating conditions where things that are supposed to go down, such as the breath and food, instead, come back up due to obstruction by dampness or phlegm.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia is also used to dissipate nodules, reduce clumps and disperse stagnation\u00a0 (1,2). These are other forms of phlegm that have accumulated due to chronic disruption of fluid metabolism and become lodged in a variety of places. Pinellia is often used to treat distension, pain and oppression in the chest and epigastrium, physical nodules in the neck such as goiter and scrofula, or a subjective sensation of a lump in the throat.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia is also used topically for sores, ulcers and carbuncles by grinding into a powder (2). Mixed with egg white, it is applied to breast abscesses or cooked with vinegar and gargled to alleviate a swollen tongue.<\/span>","what_practioners_say":"<img class=\"wp-image-6372 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/i.herbalreality.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/21124316\/Subcategory-Conditions-respiratory-system-600x600.jpg\" alt=\"Respiratory system\" width=\"358\" height=\"358\" \/>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Respiratory system<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia is one of the primary Chinese herbs for resolving phlegm-dampness and appears in many formulas for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/condition\/cough\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cough<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and wheezing with phlegm or fluid in the chest, which is creating a stifling sensation. By warming and drying the fluid, while also helping <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">qi<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to descend, it helps to stop the breath coming back up in the form of a cough, and also helps the phlegm move\u00a0 down where it can be excreted through the urine and stool (1).<\/span>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Digestive system<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equal to its ability to resolve phlegm in the chest, is its ability to resolve phlegm and dampness in the Stomach and digestive system. This makes it a central herb for treating various digestive complaints, including bloating, loss of appetite, epigastric pain, and distending feelings. A host of simple formulas for nausea and vomiting are provided in the Han Dynasty classic <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Essentials from the Golden Cabinet<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (~150\u2013220 CE) which uses pinellia in combination with <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/herb\/ginger\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ginger<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zingiber officinale<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) for simple vomiting, with ginger and poria (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poria cocos<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) for vomiting of fluids, or with <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/herb\/ginseng\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ginseng<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and honey for vomiting with <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/condition\/fatigue\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fatigue<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and weakness (6). It also plays a pivotal role in several other formulas that address stomach problems and fluid-related issues.<\/span>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nervous system<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The effect of pinellia on the nervous system underlies many of its other actions, most likely contributing to its antitussive and antiemetic properties, but it is also noted for having a role in calming the nervous system itself (9,10). This has also been recognised since early times with the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Miraculous Pivot<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2nd\u20131st century BCE), a text primarily concerned with acupuncture, recommending treatment for\u00a0 insomnia with a combination of pinellia and sorghum when the channels are obstructed preventing <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">qi<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from entering the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">yin<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> aspects of the body at night (7). <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This use of pinellia has continued to the present day with many formulas that treat psychological and neurological disorders containing pinellia. Since pinellia has a particular focus on resolving phlegm, which originates in prolonged disruption of fluid metabolism, it is especially useful when these disorders are chronic and do not respond to other treatment strategies.<\/span>","research":"[caption id=\"attachment_159744\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"338\"]<img class=\" wp-image-159744\" src=\"https:\/\/i.herbalreality.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/15095358\/Pinellia-plants-Pinellia-ternata-750x1000.jpg\" alt=\"Pinellia (Pinellia ternata)\" width=\"338\" height=\"451\" \/> Pinellia (<em>Pinellia ternata<\/em>)[\/caption]\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A review of the research progress on <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia ternata<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Thunb.) Breit.: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and quality control<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A review was conducted on pinellia rhizome, concluding that it demonstrated <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in vitro<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in vivo<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> antitumor, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/western-action\/antitussive\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antitussive<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, anti-asthmatic and antidiarrhoeal effects, as well as increasing resistance to gastric ulcers. However, it also possessed certain toxicities, including irritant toxicity, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and embryonic toxicity which could be mitigated by processing and ensuring suitable compatibility with other herbs (10).<\/span>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chinese herbal medicine for coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This systematic review looked at the most commonly prescribed herbs for coronavirus during the pandemic. Pinellia ternata was among the top five herbs identified, suggesting the potential for future research. A similar review was performed in Wuhan which also revealed pinellia to be among the top 10 herbs and combinations used in the treatment of Covid-19 (12).<\/span>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medicine for chronic atrophic gastritis: A systematic review, meta- and network pharmacology analysis<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weng et al. (13) reviewed herbs for chronic atrophic gastritis using network pharmacology to identify the most commonly used herbs. Pinellia ternata was identified among the top six herbs used, suggesting this herb could be a target for further investigation.<\/span>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Efficacy and safety of banxia formulae for insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of high-quality randomised controlled trials<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This systematic review evaluated the use of pinellia based formulas for insomnia (14). In 14 high quality RCTs, formulas containing pinellia rhizome could significantly improve insomnia compared to Western medicine, especially when the course is longer than 21 days. They suggested this was due to the sedative and hypnotic fractions of pinellia rhizome, possibly L-arginine which has GABAergic and vasodilatory activity (15).<\/span>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anti-obesity effect of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia ternata<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> extract in Zucker rats<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This study discovered that pinellia ternata water extract caused the browning of white adipose tissue leading to the oxidation of fatty acids within these tissues and an overall anti-obesity effect. This may align with the TCM notion that obesity is a form of phlegm-dampness,extending the traditional Phlegm transforming effect of pinellia to the treatment of obesity (16,17).<\/span>","did_you_know":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia has been banned in the United States since 2004 due to its ephedrine content (18). Ephedrine is a precursor to amphetamines, and ephedrine containing herbs can be used in the illegal manufacture of these drugs. It is present in quantities of 2.93\u2009\u03bcg\/g in the raw form, 1.27\u2009\u03bcg\/g in the traditionally processed product and can be almost completely removed with modern separation techniques (19,20). Although restrictions on other ephedrine containing herbs are in place in the UK, pinellia can be used without restriction (21).<\/span>","additional_information_right":{"illustration":159741},"additional_information_left":{"botany":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia is a perennial herb growing to a height of 10\u201335 cm, with mostly spherical metamorphic stems measuring 0.5\u20134 cm in diameter, along with many fibrous roots under the tuber. Its pearl buds are 0.5\u20131 cm, and the lower fibrous roots are few and thin. Seedlings of pearl buds or small tubers are mainly single-leaved and ovoid, growing to 2\u20137 leaves over two years, in three compound leaves with a larger one in the middle. The flowering period is from May to July, while the fruiting period is in August (10).<\/span>","common_names":"Crow-dipper rhizome","safety":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Raw pinellia rhizome is toxic and should be used only for external applications. The toxic dose of the unprepared rhizome when consumed internally is 0.1\u20132.4 g and causes severe irritation of the mucosal linings of the mouth, throat and gastrointestinal tract, along with toxic effects on the nervous system. Symptoms include dry mouth, numbness of the tongue, gastric discomfort, burning sensation and swelling of the mouth, tongue and throat, salivation, hoarseness, spasms and difficulty breathing (1).<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment of overdose involves grinding 250 g of fresh ginger and mixing with 250 ml of hot water; to be administered at a dose of 20\u201325 ml every 3\u20134 hours until symptoms resolve. Egg whites, diluted vinegar, tea and dried ginger are all possible alternatives if fresh ginger is not available (2).\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One classic source suggests it should be avoided during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage, but its frequent use in the treatment of morning sickness suggests this is unfounded (2). Nonetheless, the use of pinellia during pregnancy is not advised, unless under the guidance of a qualified herbal practitioner.<\/span>","interactions":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia rhizome acts synergistically with barbiturates and they should not be taken together (1). <\/span>","contraindications":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia should be avoided for use in those with a dry cough or sore throat due to heat, fire or <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">yin<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> deficiency due to its warm, drying nature (2).<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has been traditionally contraindicated to combine with aconite (1). Aconite is a restricted herb that is only for external use and can only be prescribed by a medical herbalist.<\/span>","preparation":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Raw pinellia contains needle-like calcium oxalate crystals and lectin proteins which can irritate the mucosal linings of the throat and induce vomiting and abortion (23). In order to prevent this, pinellia is prepared before use. Historically, the simplest method involves rinsing a minimum of 10 times with boiling water to remove the slimy coating that covers the surface, although it is usually prepared using one of the following methods today, which also enhances specific\u00a0 effects of the herb (10):<\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong><i>Jiang Ban Xia<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>:<\/strong> Boiled in ginger and alum; this form enhances the effects of resolving phlegm and stopping vomiting<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong><i>Fa Ban Xia<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>:<\/strong> Soaked long-term in liquorice extract and lime; this form enhances the effect of drying dampness and resolving phlegm<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong><i>Qing Ban Xia<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>:<\/strong> Soaked long-term in alum; this form enhances the effect of resolving phlegm<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong><i>Zhu Li Ban Xia<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>:<\/strong> A less common form, processed with bamboo sap to reduce its warm, drying qualities, for use with hot conditions (2)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, Japanese kampo medicine has traditionally not prepared pinellia, believing that it not only reduces its toxicity but also its efficacy (24). Proponents suggest that decocting pinellia for 30 minutes or more with ginger is sufficient to denature the irritating calcium oxalate crystals (25,26). It is, therefore, possible to find kampo formulas that contain raw pinellia; however, these should only be taken under the guidance of a trained healthcare professional.<\/span>","dosage":"<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Infusion \/ decoction<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3\u201311.5 g in a decoction, although sometimes much larger doses are used (27). A Qing dynasty text recommends \u201c30 g directs rebelliousness downward, 60 g calms the sleep\u201d (7).<\/span>","constituents":"<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Raphide:<\/strong> Calcium oxalate \u2014 needle-like crystals that irritate the throat and are removed by processing (23).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Phenolic acid:<\/strong> Homogentisic acid and its glucoside \u2014 potentially responsible for the mucosal irritation caused by raw pinellia (23).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Glycoprotein:<\/strong> Lectin \u2014 causes agglutination of red blood cells, increasing clotting, but can be permanently denatured by soaking in lime (10).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Alkaloids:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Ephedrine<\/strong> \u2014 amphetamine with bronchodilatory, antihypotensive and CNS stimulant properties, but also responsible for cardiotoxicity. Found in quantities of 2.93\u2009\u03bcg\/g in the raw form and 1.27\u2009\u03bcg\/g in the processed product and can be almost completely removed with modern separation techniques (19,20). This has led to pinellia being banned in the USA since 2004 amid fears it could be used for amphetamine production (18).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Choline<\/strong> \u2014 a basic constituent of lecithin, a precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and important in many metabolic processes, especially lipid metabolism (28).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Cavidine<\/strong> \u2014 a selective COX-2 inhibitor anti-inflammatory agent (29,30).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Allantoin<\/strong> \u2014 used in skincare products to relieve irritation and protect minor cuts, scrapes, and burns (31,32).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Flavonoid:<\/strong> Baicalein \u2014 a compound with multiple biological activities including antioxidant, hormone antagonist, prostaglandin antagonist, anti-inflammatory, anti-coronaviral, angiogenesis inhibitory, antineoplastic, antibacterial, antifungal, apoptosis inducing and geroprotector (substance that slows the ageing process and extends lifespan) activities that is currently in trials for influenza (29,33).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Phenolic aldehyde:<\/strong> 3,4 dihydroxybenzaldehyde and its diglucoside \u2014 a known inducer of apoptosis in human leukaemia cells (34).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Cerebroside:<\/strong> Pinelloside \u2014 an antimicrobial with inhibitory activity against <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacillus subtilis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aspergillus niger<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Candida albicans<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (35).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Amino acids:<\/strong> Arginine \u2014 modulates the GABAergic system and is a precursor of nitric oxide that has vasodilatory activity (15).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Amino acids:<\/strong> Alanine, valine and leucine \u2014 along with arginine, these are characteristic compounds used to identify <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia ternata<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> using thin layer chromatography (TLC) in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 (10).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","plant_part_used":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rhizome<\/span>"},"habitat":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Native to China, Japan and Korea (36). The natural habitat of the wild species is grassland, secondary forest, and disturbed ground up to 2,500 m altitude (37). Changes in land use and farming practices have led to changes in the wild microenvironment of pinellia ternata and wild resource populations have been greatly reduced or depleted, making cultivated forms the main source (10).<\/span>","sustainability":"[caption id=\"attachment_97187\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"374\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/herbalism\/sustainability-social-welfare\/herb-species-sustainability-guide\/\"><img class=\" wp-image-97187\" src=\"https:\/\/i.herbalreality.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/25101030\/Green-sustainability-status-1000x1000.png\" alt=\"Green Sustainability Status\" width=\"374\" height=\"374\" \/><\/a> Not currently on risk lists but complete data may be missing on the status of the species. Read more in our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/herbalism\/sustainability-social-welfare\/herb-species-sustainability-guide\/\">sustainability guide<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite the aforementioned changes to habitat, pinellia is not listed on IUCN redlist nor on Natureserve as a threatened species (37,38). Due to declining wild populations, it is recommended to source cultivated forms of the plant where possible to protect the declining species (39).<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Habitat loss and over-harvesting from the wild are two of the biggest threats faced by medicinal plant species. There are an increasing number of well-known herbal medicines at risk of extinction. We must, therefore, ensure that we source our medicines with sustainability in mind.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The herb supplement industry is growing at a rapid rate and until recent years a vast majority of medicinal plant produce in global trade was of unknown origin. There are some very real and urgent issues surrounding sustainability in the herb industry. These include environmental factors that affect the medicinal viability of herbs, the safety of the habitats that they are taken from, as well as the welfare of workers in the trade.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The botanical supply chain efforts for improved visibility (transparency and traceability) into verifiably sustainable production sites around the world is now certificated through the emergence of credible international voluntary sustainability standards (VSS).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read our article on <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/herbalism\/safety\/herbal-quality-safety-what-know-before-you-buy\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Herbal quality &amp; safety: What to know before you buy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/herbalism\/western-herbal-medicine\/where-your-herbs-come-from\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sustainable sourcing of herbs<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to learn more about what to look for and questions to ask suppliers about sustainability.<\/span>","sustainability_content":"","sustainability_alternatives":"","quality_control":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Herbal medicines are often very safe to take; however, their safety and efficacy can be jeopardised by quality issues. So, it is important to buy herbal medicines from a reputable supplier, from sources known to test their herbs to ensure there is no contamination, adulteration or substitution with incorrect plant matter, as well as ensuring that recognised marker compounds are at appropriate levels in the herbs.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some important quality assurances to look for are certified organic labelling, the correct scientific\/botanical name, and the availability of information from the supplier about ingredient origins. A supplier should be able to tell you where the herbs have come from, what contaminants are not in the herb, and what the primary compounds are.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common adulterants include <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Typhonium flagelliforme<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia pedatisecta,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which are both closely related and easily confused (39). They can be differentiated by the fact that <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T. flagelliforme<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has tapered rhizomes on one or both ends, the apical depression is usually absent and root scars are scattered over the entire surface rather than localised around the apex. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P. pedatisecta<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> may be differentiated if the mature rhizomes are used because they tend to be larger (up to 4 cm diameter, compared to 1.5 cm for the official species) and may have one or more smaller daughter rhizomes developing around the perimeter. Immature rhizomes may be indistinguishable and require laboratory identification.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<\/span>","how_to_grow":"<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia ternata<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> root prefers mild, humid climates. It dislikes drought, and high temperatures which should be avoided when cultivating (10).<\/span>","recipe":"[caption id=\"attachment_159745\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"513\"]<img class=\" wp-image-159745\" src=\"https:\/\/i.herbalreality.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/15095400\/Pinellia-rhizome-Pinellia-ternata-1000x666.jpg\" alt=\"Pinellia root (Pinellia ternata)\" width=\"513\" height=\"342\" \/> Pinellia root (<em>Pinellia ternata<\/em>)[\/caption]\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two-aged decoction<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two Aged Decoction (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Er Chen Tang<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) is one of the most fundamental formulas for treating phlegm in Chinese medicine and is used as the basis for dozens more recipes that modify this to address specific circumstances (7). Its name derives from the fact that the first two ingredients are usually treated by ageing to reduce toxicity and improve their therapeutic effect. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On its own, it treats cough with white sputum, distention and a stifling feeling in the chest, nausea or vomiting, but with slight modifications, it has been the basis for the treatment of drooling, diarrhoea, stomach pain, insomnia, hypersomnia, menstrual disorders, infertility, emotional constraint and others. However, due to the drying nature of its ingredients, it should not be used where there is fluid (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">yin<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) deficiency.<\/span>\r\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ingredients<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5 g Prepared pinellia rhizome (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia ternata<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5 g Aged citrus peel (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Citrus reticulata<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3 g Poria (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poria cocos<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1.5 g Honey fried <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/herb\/liquorice\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liquorice root<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Glycyrrhiza glabra<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span>&nbsp;<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>How to make a two-aged decoction with pinellia<\/h4>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepare as a decoction by placing all ingredients in a pan and gently simmer for 10 minutes. The original formula decocts the ingredients with fresh ginger and one piece of black plum (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prunus<\/span><\/i> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mume<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), which helps to protect the stomach and fluids when used alone. When using this formula as the basis for developing a more complex treatment strategy, these are usually omitted and other herbs incorporated to achieve the desired effect.<\/span>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia decoction to drain the Epigastrium<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinellia decoction to drain the Epigastrium (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) is an essential and versatile formula for resolving complex patterns of simultaneous deficiency and constraint that cause dampness and heat to combine in the Stomach. This causes a distended, blocked sensation in the epigastrium with possible nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. It is often used in modern clinics for a variety of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/condition\/digestive-health\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">digestive disorders<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as gastritis, peptic ulcers, reflux disorder, chronic cholecystitis, diarrhoea, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/condition\/ulcerative-colitis\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ulcerative colitis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, irritable bowel syndrome, hepatitis and morning sickness, along with other disorders that may fit a damp-heat pattern such as hyperthyroidism, chronic <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/condition\/asthma\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">asthma<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, conjunctivitis, heart disease, amenorrhoea, insomnia, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/condition\/stress-and-relaxation\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stress<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and depression (2,7).<\/span>\r\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ingredients<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9\u201312 g Prepared pinellia rhizome<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9 g Dried ginger (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zingiber officinale<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9 g <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/herb\/baical-skullcap\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Baical skullcap<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> root (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scutellaria baicalensis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3 g Chinese goldenseal rhizome (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coptis chinensis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9 g <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/herb\/ginseng\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ginseng root<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Panax ginseng<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4\u201312 pieces <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/herb\/jujube-fruit\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jujube fruit<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ziziphus jujuba <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6\u20139 g Honey fried liquorice root (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Glycyrrhiza glabra<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>How to make <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a pinellia decoction to drain the Epigastrium<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decoct the ingredients in water and divide into three doses taken over the course of a day. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This formula can be easily modified to meet a variety of situations:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where the weakness of the digestive system is more pronounced, with undigested food in the stool, the dose of liquorice can be increased to 12 g. <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Where the epigastric distention is more pronounced and palpably firm, 12 g of fresh ginger can be added to help warm the Stomach and disperse fluids.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Another variation uses 12\u201315 g of raw liquorice instead of the honey fried variety to treat stubborn erosive skin conditions, especially around the mouth, anus and throat. Modern interpreters consider this to be a description of Behcet\u2019s syndrome or sexually transmitted infections (22).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Replacing\u00a0 Chinese goldenseal with Bupleurum (<i>Bupleurum chinense<\/i>) and swapping dried ginger for fresh ginger, changes the formula to become Lesser Bupleurum Decoction (<i>Xiao Chai Hu Tang<\/i>) which is a pivotal formula in Chinese medicine, used to treat an even wider range of disorders. It is especially useful in the treatment of \u201cstrange diseases\u201d which have unusual presentations that are difficult to match with standard patterns (7). These indicate a disruption of the general dynamic of the body, producing symptoms that may manifest in different ways at different times, and compared to psychosomatic disorders in Western medicine.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","references":"<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bensky D, Clavey S &amp; Stoger E. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 3rd Edition. Seattle: Eastland Press. 2004.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chen JK &amp; Chen TT. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. City of Industry: Art of Medicine Press. 2004.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fruehauf H. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Single Herbs: Banxia (Pinellia ternata)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2015. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/classicalchinesemedicine.org\/single-herbs-banxia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/classicalchinesemedicine.org\/single-herbs-banxia\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> . Accessed June 12, 2025.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K\u00f6hle, N. A Confluence of Humors: \u0100yurvedic Conceptions of Digestion and the History of Chinese \u201cPhlegm\u201d (tan \u75f0). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">J. Am. Orient. Soc.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2016;136(3), 465. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7817\/jameroriesoci.136\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ht<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tps:\/\/doi.org\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10.7817\/jameroriesoci.136<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clavey S. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fluid Physiology and Pathology in Traditional Chinese Medicine<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2002.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sung, YM. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understanding the Jin Gui Yao Lue: A Practical Textbook<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Beijing: People\u2019s Medical Publishing House. 2008.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scheid V, Bensky D, Ellis A, Barolet R. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chinese Herbal Medicine: Formulas &amp; Strategies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2nd edition. Seattle: Eastland Press. 2009.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chen JK &amp; Chen TT. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chinese Herbal Formulas and Applications<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. City of Industry: Art of Medicine Press. 2015.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bai J, Qi J, Yang L, Wang Z, Wang R, Shi Y. A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluation, and quality control of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">J Ethnopharmacol<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2022;298:115650. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35988838\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115650<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Zou T, Wang J, Wu X, et al. A review of the research progress on Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit.: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and quality control. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Heliyon<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2023;9(11):e22153. Published 2023 Nov 14. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38058630\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22153<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Xiong X, Wang P, Su K, Cho WC, Xing Y. Chinese herbal medicine for coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pharmacol Res<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2020;160:105056. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32622723\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32622723\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Shu Z, Zhou Y, Chang K, et al. Clinical features and the traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic characteristics of 293 COVID-19 inpatient cases. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Front Med<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2020;14(6):760-775. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32926319\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32926319\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Weng J, Wu XF, Shao P, Liu XP, Wang CX. Medicine for chronic atrophic gastritis: a systematic review, meta- and network pharmacology analysis. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ann Med<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2023;55(2):2299352. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38170849\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38170849\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Lin YH, Chen C, Zhao X, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Banxia Formulae for Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of High-Quality Randomized Controlled Trials. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2021;2021:8833168. 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Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing. 2017.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","related_condition":[9321,13140],"related_herb":[5819,94],"related_article":[4848,10356],"herb_overview_content_one":"","herb_overview_content_two":"","herb_overview_content_three":"","herb_overview_content_four":"","herb_overview_content_five":"","herb_overview_content_six":"","herb_overview_content_seven":"","herb_overview_content_eight":"","botany":"","botanical_description":"","botanical_image":null,"common_names":"","herbal_preperation_image":null,"preparation":"","plant_part_used":"","dosage":"","constituents":"","recipe_image":null,"safety_post":null,"safety":"","interactions":"","contraindications":"","sustainability_image_one":null,"sustainability_image_two":null,"faqs":null,"not_suitable_for":[]},"featured_image_urls_v2":{"full":["https:\/\/i.herbalreality.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/15095348\/Pinellia-Pinellia-ternata.jpg",1438,1705,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/i.herbalreality.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/15095348\/Pinellia-Pinellia-ternata-600x600.jpg",600,600,true],"medium":["https:\/\/i.herbalreality.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/15095348\/Pinellia-Pinellia-ternata-843x1000.jpg",843,1000,true],"large":["https:\/\/i.herbalreality.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/15095348\/Pinellia-Pinellia-ternata-1096x1300.jpg",580,688,true],"banner_image":["https:\/\/i.herbalreality.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/15095348\/Pinellia-Pinellia-ternata-1438x800.jpg",1438,800,true],"gform-image-choice-sm":["https:\/\/i.herbalreality.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/15095348\/Pinellia-Pinellia-ternata.jpg",253,300,false],"gform-image-choice-md":["https:\/\/i.herbalreality.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/15095348\/Pinellia-Pinellia-ternata.jpg",337,400,false],"gform-image-choice-lg":["https:\/\/i.herbalreality.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/15095348\/Pinellia-Pinellia-ternata.jpg",506,600,false]},"post_excerpt_stackable_v2":"","category_list_v2":"","author_info_v2":{"name":"","url":""},"comments_num_v2":"0 comments","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/herb\/159639","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/herb"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/herb"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/herb\/159639\/revisions"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10356"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4848"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/herb\/94"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/herb\/5819"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/condition\/13140"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/condition\/9321"}],"acf:term":[{"embeddable":true,"taxonomy":"writer","href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/writer\/1242"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/159740"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=159639"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=159639"},{"taxonomy":"conditions","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/conditions?post=159639"},{"taxonomy":"sustainability","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/sustainability?post=159639"},{"taxonomy":"sense","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/sense?post=159639"},{"taxonomy":"western_action","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/western_action?post=159639"},{"taxonomy":"chinese_action","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/chinese_action?post=159639"},{"taxonomy":"ayurvedic_action","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ayurvedic_action?post=159639"},{"taxonomy":"energetics_action","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/energetics_action?post=159639"},{"taxonomy":"region","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/region?post=159639"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}