{"id":4285,"date":"2021-05-14T13:54:36","date_gmt":"2021-05-14T12:54:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/?post_type=herb&p=4285"},"modified":"2025-04-14T11:00:23","modified_gmt":"2025-04-14T10:00:23","slug":"reishi","status":"publish","type":"herb","link":"https:\/\/www.herbalreality.com\/herb\/reishi\/","title":{"rendered":"Reishi"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"featured_media":4288,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","beyondwords_generate_audio":"1","beyondwords_project_id":"47224","beyondwords_content_id":"6a0b5ee6-5f18-4a67-bada-64b0297569b3","beyondwords_preview_token":"7a05492d-abae-4b8d-9c39-5e47d31df5dc","beyondwords_player_content":"","beyondwords_player_style":"","beyondwords_language_code":"","beyondwords_language_id":"","beyondwords_title_voice_id":"","beyondwords_body_voice_id":"","beyondwords_summary_voice_id":"","beyondwords_error_message":"","beyondwords_disabled":"","beyondwords_delete_content":"","beyondwords_podcast_id":"","beyondwords_hash":"","publish_post_to_speechkit":"","speechkit_hash":"","speechkit_generate_audio":"","speechkit_project_id":"","speechkit_podcast_id":"","speechkit_error_message":"","speechkit_disabled":"","speechkit_access_key":"","speechkit_error":"","speechkit_info":"","speechkit_response":"","speechkit_retries":"","speechkit_status":"","speechkit_updated_at":"","_speechkit_link":"","_speechkit_text":""},"tags":[614,613,368,332,334],"conditions":[685,696],"sustainability":[1576],"sense":[18,27,1819],"western_action":[1015,1022],"chinese_action":[1051,1047,1038,1167],"ayurvedic_action":[],"energetics_action":[1498,1520,1519,1523,1381,1507,1494,1511],"region":[1898],"class_list":["post-4285","herb","type-herb","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-fungi","tag-fungus","tag-mushroom","tag-mushrooms","tag-reishi","conditions-digestive-system","conditions-nervous-system","sustainability-green-sustainability-status","sense-bitter","sense-sweet","sense-umami","western_action-immunomodulant","western_action-trophorestorative","chinese_action-nourish-heart-calm-spirit","chinese_action-tonify-blood","chinese_action-tonify-the-qi","chinese_action-treat-cough-stop-wheezing","energetics_action-bitter","energetics_action-heart","energetics_action-liver","energetics_action-lung","energetics_action-neutral","energetics_action-neutral-temperature-chinese","energetics_action-sweet","energetics_action-sweet-taste-chinese","region-traditional-chinese-herbs"],"acf":{"last_reviewed":"20210514","herb_author":null,"banner_text":"Reishi is the most famous of all medicinal mushrooms","latin_name":"Ganoderma lucidum<\/em>","pseudonym_name":"","family_name":"Ganodermataceae","herb_summary":"Reishi is an effective adaptogen through helping to moderate the body\u2019s stress response helping to treat conditions such as chronic fatigue and compromised immunity. This monograph is an excerpt from Martin Powell\u2019s book \"Medicinal Mushrooms: A Clinical Guide\".","key_benefits":"Inhibiting histamine release\r\nHepatoprotective\r\nAnti-inflammatory\r\nAntioxidant\r\nAnti-tumour\r\nImmune modulation","how_does_it_feel":"If you have ever been lucky enough to find Reishi in the wild, you will know that sense of wonder of finding the glistening fungi in the forest. However, much of the Reishi available today is grown on food substrates in special mushroomeries. This has led to a range of products including the mycelium, extra-cellular metabolites as well as fruiting bodies. A huge range of extract exists including ones that use combinations of water and alcohol extracts for maximum utilisation of the alcophilic triterpenoids and hydrophilic polysaccharides exist. So, depending on what form you experience it in, the taste can vary from sweeter to much more bitter. Once past the bitterness it has an immediate grounding and soothing effect.","hdif_image_1":5521,"hdif_image_2":5401,"hdif_image_3":10253,"hdif_video":"","sense":[18,27,1819],"what_can_i_use_it_for":"Reishi is also known as\u00a0Ling Zhi,\u00a0<\/em>The Mushroom of Immortality, and was revered by the Chinese for its positive tonifying effects. \u03b2-glucans help to prime a weakened immune system, enhancing protection from repeated acute infections as well as more chronic immune disorders; increasing T-lymphocytes, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1-\u03b2, IL-2, and IL-6 production. As well as medicinal mushrooms, \u03b2-glucans are also found as the brown spots on apples and pears, and actively prime the immune system.","into_the_heart_of":"","tradtional_uses":"Allergies, liver support, cancer (especially breast and prostate), hypertension, anxiety\/insomnia. Together with\u00a0Cordyceps sinensis<\/em>,\u00a0G. lucidum<\/em>\u00a0has the most extensive range of indications and combines well with it in treatment of lung and liver conditions, as well as to provide all-round adaptogenic support. Supports\u00a0Heart Shen<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0Lung Qi.<\/em>","what_practioners_say":"

\"\"<\/b>Cancer<\/h3>\r\n <\/b>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> has a long history of traditional use in the treatment of cancer and is credited with many cases of spontaneous remission (<\/span>22, 23)<\/span>. As well as the immune modulating effect of its high polysaccharide content, its triterpenes show significant cytotoxic activity against different cancer cell lines, as well as inhibitory effects against Epstein-Barr virus, known to be associated with some cancers (<\/span>24-35)<\/span>. In addition triterpenes from <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> show inhibition of the nuclear transcription factor, NF-kappaB (NF-kB), which is overexpressed in various cancer cell lines, and also theAP-1 signalling pathway (<\/span>36)<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n\r\nInhibition of NF-kB is of particular importance in the activity of <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> against breast and prostate cancers as it is considered to play an essential role in the hormone independent growth and spread of these cancers (<\/span>37,38)<\/span>. In addition<\/span> G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> triterpenes have been shown to block the androgen receptor on prostate cancer cells, supporting <\/span>G.lucidum<\/span><\/i>\u2019s use in the treatment of prostate cancer.<\/span>\r\n\r\nClinical studies with <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> polysaccharide extract confirm its ability to enhance immune status in cancer patients with increases in NK cell activity and Th1 cytokine levels and decreases in Th2 cytokine levels in advanced lung cancer patients, and reduction in side effects when given alongside chemotherapy and radiotherapy (<\/span>39-41)<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n\r\nIn vitro<\/span><\/i> and <\/span>in vivo<\/span><\/i> studies also indicate significant anti-tumour activity for the triterpenerich <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> spore powder and spore oil<\/span>5, (42-46)<\/span>. A randomized controlled trial of 48 breast cancer patients reported reductions in fatigue, anxiety and depression in the treatment group (3g\/day <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> spore powder), together with improvements in immune parameters (4<\/span>7)<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n

Allergies<\/h3>\r\nAs well as immunomodulatory activity, <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> demonstrates strong anti-inflammatory activity with suppression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2, mediated through inhibition of the NF-kB andAP-1 signaling pathways. This combination of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity contributes to its efficacy in the treatment of allergies and other inflammatory conditions (<\/span>48-51)<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> is a component of FAHF-2, a Chinese herbal formula that has been reported to completely block anaphylactic reactions in a mouse model of peanut allergy (<\/span>52<\/span>).<\/span>\r\n

Liver disease<\/h3>\r\nThe fruiting body of <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> has long been a popular traditional treatment for liver diseases and demonstrates wide hepatoprotective properties (<\/span>53-59)<\/span>. It appears that at least part of its action in this regard may be through the ability of <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> triterpenes to block platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor (PDGFbetaR), thus inhibiting the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells, a key event in hepatic fibrosis (<\/span>60).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> is also traditionally used in the treatment of hepatitis and in a clinical study of 355 cases of hepatitis B treated with Wulingdan Pill, of which <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> is the major component, 92.4% of patients were reported to have positive results (<\/span>61)<\/span>. Again, it appears that triterpenes are the key components (<\/span>62,63)<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n

Hypertension<\/h3>\r\n <\/b>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> has a broad range of action on cardiovascular health. Polysaccharides and triterpenes isolated from <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> have shown hyperlipidaemic, hypotensive, and anti-thrombotic effects while <\/span>a polysaccharide preparation (Ganopoly) led to improved ECG and lowered chest pain, palpitation and shortness of breath in a double-blind, randomized, multi-centre study<\/span>64<\/span>. MildACE-inhibitory activity has also been demonstrated for some of <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i>\u2019s triterpenoid compounds (<\/span>65,66)<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n

Insomnia \/ Anxiety<\/h3>\r\nThe traditional name \u2018spirit mushroom\u2019 points to the sedative action of its triterpenoid components and many herbalists value its benefits in cases of insomnia. Christopher Hobbs recommends <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> for deficiency insomnia while Mizuno recommends it for \u2018mental stabilisation\u2019 (<\/span>67-70)<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n

Rheumatoid arthritis<\/h3>\r\nG. lucidum<\/span><\/i>\u2019s combination of immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory action suggests potential application in the treatment of autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and a proteoglycan fraction from <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> has been shown to inhibit production of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts <\/span>in vitro<\/span><\/i>, in part through inhibition of the NF-kB transcription pathway (<\/span>71)<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n

Neuro-protective<\/h3>\r\nTraditionally considered to promote longevity, <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> extract has been shown to inhibit beta-amyloid synaptic toxicity with potential benefits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (<\/span>72)<\/span>. Both polysaccharides and triterpenes from <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> exhibit neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects at levels of 10-80mg\/kg while <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> spores have shown ability to protect neurons from apoptosis and improve cognitive dysfunction <\/span>in vivo (<\/span><\/i>73-77)<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n

Anti-ageing<\/h3>\r\nTraditionally known as the \u2018mushroom of immortality\u2019, <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i>\u2019s broad-spectrum cardiovascular, neurological and immunological benefits, together with its support for blood sugar and cholesterol control (<\/span>79-82)<\/span>, contribute to its anti-ageing properties.<\/span>","research":"","did_you_know":"300mg of \u03b2-glucans is the accepted clinically effective dose. \u03b2-glucans bind to specific membrane receptors of phagocytic cells stimulating innate natural killer cells that fight off invading antigens. \u03b2-glucans also stimulate the growth of bone marrow megakaryocytes and progenitor cells which develop into platelets, blood and immune cells. In immunologically compromised people, Reishi will increase T-lymphocyte and T-helper cells whilst decreasing T-suppressor cells. It will also improve immune competency after chemo- and\/or radiation therapies.","additional_information_right":{"illustration":8677},"additional_information_left":{"botany":"The most famous of all the medicinal mushrooms with annual sales of over US$2billion, <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i>\u2019s wide-ranging health benefits are due to its combination of high polysaccharide content (Stamets reports the fruiting body to contain 41% beta-glucan) and triterpenoid compounds (<\/span>1,2,3,4)<\/span>. Over 130 of these have been identified, belonging primarily to two families: ganoderic and lucidenic acids with functions including:<\/span>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • Inhibiting histamine release<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
  • Hepatoprotective<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
  • Anti-hypertensive (ACE inhibiting)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
  • Inhibiting cholesterol synthesis<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
  • Anti-inflammatory<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
  • Inducing apoptosis<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
  • Inhibiting viral induction<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
  • Antioxidant<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
  • Anti-tumour<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
  • CNS sedation<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
  • Antimicrobial<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
  • Immune modulation<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","common_names":"
      \r\n \t
    • Reish<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
    • Mannetake (10,000 year mushroom)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
    • Ling Zhi (spirit mushroom\/mushroom of spiritual potency)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","safety":"Patients on anti-coagulantmedication should bemonitored due to G.lucidum\u2019s actions in this area although a study of G. lucidum supplementation (1.5g\/day) in healthy volunteers showed no effect on haemostatic function (85,86).","interactions":"","contraindications":"","preparation":"","dosage":"Traditional materia medica recommend a dose range for crude <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> of 3-15g\/day in decoctions or 1.5-3g as powder or in pills while doses of up to 30g\/day have been reported and 5.4g\/day of polysaccharide extract and 3.0g\/day and <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> spore powder have been used in clinical trials (<\/span>23,47,82-84)<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n\r\nDose range for dual-extraction products combining polysaccharide-rich hot-water and triterpene-rich ethanolic (alcohol-based) extracts is typically 1-3g\/day while 500-1,000mg\/day is normal for <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> spore oil products.<\/span>","constituents":"Key components:<\/strong> Triterpenes and polysaccharides.\r\n\r\nLevels of triterpenes are particularly high in <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> spores, typically >2.0% in shellbroken spore powder and >30% in the spore oil and recent studies report promise for the spores and spore oil as anti-cancer and neuroprotective agents (<\/span>5-8)<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n<\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> shows exceptionally high tyrosinase inhibition with the highest activity in the aqueous extract. This has led to its inclusion in many commercial skin whitening products and has medical implications, especially in relation to Parkinson\u2019s Disease (see discussion under Parkinson\u2019s Disease) (<\/span>9-11)<\/span>.<\/span>\r\n<\/span>A number of related species have also been investigated with polysaccharides and triterpenes from both <\/span>Ganoderma tsugae<\/span><\/i> and <\/span>Ganoderma applanatum<\/span><\/i> showing similar anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory and hepatoprotective activity to those from <\/span>G. lucidum<\/span><\/i> and <\/span>Ganoderma japonicum<\/span><\/i> showing neuroprotective properties (<\/span>12-21)<\/span>.<\/span>","plant_part_used":""},"habitat":"","sustainability":"","sustainability_content":"","sustainability_alternatives":"","quality_control":"","how_to_grow":"","recipe":"","references":"
        \r\n \t
      1. Willard T: Reishi mushroom: herb of spiritual potency and medical wonder. Issaquah, WA : Sylvan Press, 1990.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      2. Global marketing of medicinal ling zhi mushroom <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i> (W.Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd (Aphyllophoromycetideae) products and safety concerns. Lai T, Gao YH, Zhou SF. <\/span>Int J Med Mushrooms<\/span><\/i>. 2004;6(2):189\u2013194.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      3. Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i> and its pharmaceutically active compounds. Boh B, Berovic M, Zhang JS, Lin ZB. <\/span>Biotechnol Annu Rev<\/span><\/i>. 2007;13:265\u2013301.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      4. Ganoderma \u2013 a therapeutic fungal biofactory. Paterson RR. <\/span>Phytochemistry<\/span><\/i>. 2006;67(18):1985\u20132001.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      5. Antitumor activity of the sporoderm-broken germinating spores of <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i>. Liu X, Yuan JP, Chung CK, Chen XJ. <\/span>Cancer Lett<\/span><\/i>. 2002;182(2):155\u2013161.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      6. Sterols and triterpenoids from the spores of <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i>. Zhang CR, Yang SP, Yue JM. <\/span>Nat Prod Res<\/span><\/i>. 2008;22(13):1137\u20131142.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      7. Chemical constituents of the spores of <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i>. Zhang XQ, Pang GL, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Ye WC. <\/span>Zhong Yao Cai<\/span><\/i>. 2008;31(1):41\u201344.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      8. Comparative studies on the immunomodulatory and antitumor activities of the different parts of fruiting body of <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i> and <\/span>Ganoderma<\/span><\/i> spores. Yue GG, Fung KP, Leung PC, Lau CB. <\/span>Phytother Res<\/span><\/i>. 2008;22(10):1282\u20131291.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      9. Inhibition of tyrosinase from <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i>. Chu HL,Wu HC , Yen-Chin Chen YC, Kuo JM. 12th World Food Congress. 2003;166(2):117\u2013120.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      10. Effects on tyrosinase activity by the extracts of <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i> and related mushrooms. Chien CC, Tsai ML, Chen CC, Chang SJ, Tseng CH. <\/span>Mycopathologia<\/span><\/i>. 2008;166(2):117\u2013120.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      11. Dopamine- or L-DOPA-induced neurotoxicity: the role of dopamine quinone formation and tyrosinase in a model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Asanuma M, Miyazaki I, Ogawa N. <\/span>Neurotox Res<\/span><\/i>. 2003;5(3):165\u2013176.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      12. Effect of polysaccharides from <\/span>Ganoderma applanatum<\/span><\/i> on immune responses. I. Enhancing effect on the induction of delayed hypersensitivity in mice. Nakashima S, Umeda Y, Kanada T. <\/span>Microbiol Immunol<\/span><\/i>. 1979;23(6):501\u2013513.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      13. Antitumor active protein-containing glycans from the Chinese mushroom songshan lingzhi, <\/span>Ganoderma tsugae<\/span><\/i> mycelium. Zhang J, Wang G, Li H, Zhuang C, Mizuno T, Ito H, Mayuzumi H, Okamoto H, Li J. <\/span>Biosci Biotechnol Biochem<\/span><\/i>. 1994;58(7):1202\u20131205.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      14. Effect of <\/span>Ganoderma tsugae<\/span><\/i> on chronically carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Wu YW, Chen KD, Lin WC. <\/span>Am J Chin Med<\/span><\/i>. 2004;32(6):841\u2013850.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      15. Effects of triterpenoid-rich extracts of <\/span>Ganoderma tsugae<\/span><\/i> on airway hyperreactivity and Th2 responses <\/span>in vivo<\/span><\/i>. Chen ML, Lin BF. <\/span>Int Arch Allergy Immunol<\/span><\/i>. 2007;143(1):21\u201330.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      16. A comparison study on the physical\/chemical properties and immunomodulatory activities of mycelial polysaccharide extracts from five <\/span>Ganoderma<\/span><\/i> species. Chen CF, Yang XT, Li XQ, Mi K, Yang QY. <\/span>Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao<\/span><\/i>. 2007;47(4):628\u2013633.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      17. Antiinflammatory triterpenoids and steroids from <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum <\/span><\/i>and <\/span>G. tsugae<\/span><\/i>. Ko HH, Hung CF, Wang JP, Lin CN. <\/span>Phytochemistry<\/span><\/i>. 2008;69(1):234\u2013239.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      18. Ganoderma applanatum<\/span><\/i>: a promising mushroom for antitumor and immunomodulating activity. Jeong YT, Yang BK, Jeong SC, Kim SM, Song CH. <\/span>Phytother Res<\/span><\/i>. 2008;22(5):614\u2013619.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      19. Ganoderma tsugae<\/span><\/i> extracts inhibit colorectal cancer cell growth via G2\/M cell cycle arrest. Hsu SC, Ou CC, Li JW, Chuang TC, Kuo HP, Liu JY, Chen CS, Lin SC, Su CH, Kao MC. <\/span>J Ethnopharmacol<\/span><\/i>. 2008;120(3):394\u2013401.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      20. Ganoderma applanatum<\/span><\/i> terpenes protect mouse liver against benzo(\u03b1)pyrene-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Ma JQ, Liu CM, Qin ZH, Jiang JH, Sun YZ. <\/span>Environ Toxicol Pharmacol<\/span><\/i>. 2011;31(3):460\u2013468.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      21. Ganoderma tsugae<\/span><\/i> extract inhibits growth of HER2-overexpressing cancer cells via modulation of HER2\/PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway. Kuo HP, Hsu SC, Ou CC, Li JW, Tseng HH, Chuang TC, Liu JY, Chen SJ, Su MH, Cheng YC, Chou WY, Kao MC. <\/span>Evid Based Complement Alternat Med<\/span><\/i>. 2013;2013:219472.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      22. Anticancer effects of <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i>: a review of scientific evidence. Yuen JW, Gohel MD. <\/span>Nutr Cancer<\/span><\/i>. 2005;53(1):11\u201317.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      23. Regression of gastric large B-Cell lymphoma accompanied by a florid lymphoma-like T-cell reaction: immunomodulatory effect of <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i> (Lingzhi)? Cheuk W, Chan JK, Nuovo G, Chan MK, Fok M. <\/span>Int J Surg Pathol<\/span><\/i>. 2007;15(2):180\u2013186.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      24. Potential of a novel polysaccharide preparation (GLPP) from Anhui-grown <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i> in tumour treatment and immuno-stimulation. Pang X, Chen Z, Gao X, Liu W, Slavin M, Yao W, Yu LL. <\/span>J Food Sci<\/span><\/i>. 2007;72(6):S435\u2013442.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      25. Cytotoxic triterpenoids from <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i>. Cheng CR, Yue QX, Wu ZY, Song XY, Tao SJ, Wu XH, Xu PP, Liu X, Guan SH, Guo DA. <\/span>Phytochemistry<\/span><\/i>. 2010;71(13):1579\u20131585.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      26. Triterpenes from <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i> induce autophagy in colon cancer through the inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated kinase (p38 MAPK). Thyagarajan A, Jedinak A, Nguyen H, Terry C, Baldridge L.A, Jiang J, Sliva D. <\/span>Nutr Cancer<\/span><\/i>. 2010;62(5):630\u2013640.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      27. Ganoderic acid T inhibits tumour invasion <\/span>in vitro<\/span><\/i> and <\/span>in vivo<\/span><\/i> through inhibition of MMP expression. Chen NH, Liu JW, Zhong JJ. <\/span>Pharmacol Rep<\/span><\/i>. 2010;62(1):150\u2013163.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      28. Inhibitory effects of <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i> on tumourigenesis and metastasis of human hepatoma cells in cells and animal models. Weng J, Chau CF, Yen GC, Liao JW, Chen DH, Chen KD. <\/span>J Agric Food Chem<\/span><\/i>. 2009;57(11):5049\u20135057.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      29. Cytotoxic lanostanoid triterpenes from <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i>. Guan SH, Xia JM, Yang M, Wang XM, Liu X, Guo DA. <\/span>J Asian Nat Prod Res<\/span><\/i>. 2008;10(7-8):705\u2013710.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      30. The anti-invasive effect of lucidenic acids isolated from a new <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i> strain. Weng CJ, Chau CF, Chen KD, Chen DH, Yen GC. <\/span>Mol Nutr Food Res<\/span><\/i>. 2007;51(12):1472\u20131477.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      31. Lucidenic acids P and Q, methyl lucidenate P, and other triterpenoids from the fungus <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i> and their inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation. Iwatsuki K, Akihisa T, Tokuda H, Ukiya M, Oshikubo M, Kimura Y, Asano T, Nomura A, Nishino H. <\/span>J Nat Prod<\/span><\/i>. 2003;66(12):1582\u20131585.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      32. Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i> polysaccharides: immunomodulation and potential anti-tumor activities. Xu Z, Chen X, Zhong Z, Chen L, Wang Y. <\/span>Am J Chin Med<\/span><\/i>. 2011;39(1):15\u201327.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      33. Antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities of polysaccharides isolated from <\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i>. Joseph S, Sabulal B, George V, Antony KR, Janardhanan KK. <\/span>Acta Pharm<\/span><\/i>. 2011;61(3):335\u2013342.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      34. Anti-cancer properties of triterpenoids isolated from\u00a0<\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i>\u2013 a review. Wu GS, Guo JJ, Bao JL, Li XW, Chen XP, Lu JJ, Wang YT. <\/span>Expert Opin Investig Drugs<\/span><\/i>. 2013;22(8):981\u2013992.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
      35. Triterpenoids from\u00a0<\/span>Ganoderma lucidum<\/span><\/i>and their cytotoxic activities. Li P, Deng YP, Wei XX, Xu JH. <\/span>Nat Prod Res<\/span><\/i>. 2013;27(1):17\u201322.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t
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